Mwami Musinga et la sauvegarde de la frontière de la Kagera entre le Rwanda et le Tanganyika: Le tournant transimpérial après la Première Guerre mondiale

Geert Castryck

doi:10.51185/journals/rhca.2022.0309

Authors

Geert Castryck Leipzig University (Germany)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51185/journals/rhca.2022.0309

Keywords:

trans-imperial turn, border, mwami Musinga, Rwanda, League of Nations mandate

Abstract

After the First World War, the Belgian and British authorities divided German East Africa. The border between Rwanda and Tanganyika was initially an asymmetrical exchange, as the British claimed large portions of Rwandan territory in order to realise the imperial “Cape to Cairo” project. However, it soon became clear that in the context of a new world order, this could not remain a bilateral affair. Rwanda and its king, the missionary orders in Rwanda, the Belgian colonial administration and the explicit reference to the principles of the League of Nations indeed made it possible to renegotiate what initially seemed to be an Anglo-Belgian fait accompli agreement. The “trans-imperial turn” that characterised the years following the First World War thus facilitated transfers between a wide range of actors, it allowed for a transformation of the imperial order and provided the possibility of transcending imperial logics to some extent.

References

Arianoff A[lexandre] d’ (1952), Histoire des Bagesera : Souverains du Gisaka, Bruxelles, Institut royal colonial belge.

Belga, « Paul Kagame : “Le génocide avait commencé lors de la colonisation belge” », RTBF info, 17 novembre 2015. En ligne, consulté le 3 juin 2021. URL : https://www.rtbf.be/info/monde/detail_paulkagame-le-genocide-avait-commence-lors-de-la-colonisation-belge?id=9138781.

Ben-Nun Gilad (2019), « Territorial Conquest: Its Prevalence, Demise, and Resurfacing: 1880s – The Present », Connections : A Journal for Historians and Area Specialists, 23 mars 2019. En ligne, consulté le 3 juin 2021. URL: https://www.connections.clio-online.net/article/id/artikel-4741.

Botte Roger (1985), « Rwanda and Burundi, 1889-1930: Chronology of a Slow Assassination, Part 1 », The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 18(1), pp. 53-91.

Burbank Jane et Frederick Cooper (2011), Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Castryck Geert (2015), « The Belgian Base at Kigoma’s Railhead (1920s-1930s): Territorial Ambivalence in an Inland Indian Ocean Port », Comparativ | Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 25(4), pp. 70-86.

Castryck Geert (2019), « Colonialism and Post-Colonial Studies: Introduction », in M. Middell (dir.), The Routledge Handbook of Transregional Studies, Abingdon, Routledge, pp. 91-94.

Castryck Geert (2020), « Reinventing International Colonialism during a Crisis of Empire: Belgian-British Colonial Exchanges between Inter-Imperialism and Inter-Colonial Technical Cooperation, 1920s-1930s », The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 48(5), pp. 846-865.

Chrétien Jean-Pierre (1972). « La révolte de Ndungutse (1912) : Forces traditionnelles et pression coloniale au Rwanda allemand », Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer, 59(217), pp. 645-680.

Chrétien Jean-Pierre et Kabanda Marcel (2013), Rwanda. Racisme et génocide : L’idéologie hamitique, Paris, Belin.

Des Forges Alison L. (2011), Defeat is the Only Bad News: Rwanda Under Musinga, 1896-1931, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

Digre Brian (1992), « Imperialism’s New Clothes: The Mandate System in Tropical Africa, 1918-1919 », Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society, 15, pp. 211-219.

Espagne Michel (2013), « La notion de transfert culturel », Revue Sciences/Lettres, 1. En ligne, consulté le 3 juin 2021. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/rsl/219.

Fox H. Wilson (1920), « The Cape-to-Cairo Railway and Train Ferries », The Geographical Journal, 55(2), pp. 73-101.

Graditzky Thomas (2018), « The Military Occupation of German East Africa as Part of Belgian Colonialism: International Law Principles and Beyond », Journal of Belgian History, XLVIII(1-2), pp. 112-133.

Hedinger Daniel et Heé Nadin (2018), «Transimperial History – Connectivity, Cooperation and Competition », Journal of Modern European History, 16(4), pp. 429-452.

Kalibwami Justin (1991), Le catholicisme et la société rwandaise : 1900-1962, Paris, Présence africaine.

Kennedy Paul (1987), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, New York, Vintage Books.

« Länderschacher », Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 20 juillet 1919. En ligne, consulté le 3 juin 2021. URL : https://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/kalender/auswahl/date/1919-07-20/2807323X.

Manela Erez (2007), The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism, New York, Oxford University Press.

Mathys Gillian (2014), « People on the Move: Frontiers,Borders,Mobility and History in the Lake Kivu Region 19th-20th century », thèse de doctorat, Université de Gand.

Newbury Catherine (1988), The Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda, 1860-1960, New York, Columbia University Press.

Newbury David et Catharine Newbury (2000), « Bringing the Peasants Back In: Agrarian Themes in the Construction and Corrosion of Statist Historiography in Rwanda », The American Historical Review, 105(3), pp. 832-877.

Paul Axel T. (2020), « Colonizing Colonizers: On the Colonial Transformation of “Pre-Colonial” Rwanda », Comparativ | Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, 30(3/4), pp. 353-371.

Revel Jacques (dir.) (1996), Jeux d’échelles : La micro-analyse à l’expérience, Paris, Gallimard/Le Seuil.

Rutayisire Paul (2009), « Le remodelage de l’espace culturel rwandais par l’Église et la colonisation », Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah, 190(1), pp. 83-103.

Sharpe Alfred (1918), « The Backbone of Africa », The Geographical Journal, 52(3), pp. 141-154.

Sunseri Thaddeus (2018), « The African Rinderpest Panzootic, 1888-1897 », Oxford Research Encyclopedia African History. En ligne, consulté le 3 juin 2021. URL : https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.375.

Uvin Peter (2001), « Reading the Rwandan Genocide », International Studies Review, 3(3), pp. 75-99.

Vanderlinden Jacques (1994), Pierre Ryckmans 1891-1959 : Coloniser dans l’honneur, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université.

Vansina Jan (1994), Living with Africa, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

Vansina Jan (2001), Le Rwanda ancien : le royaume nyiginya, Paris, Karthala.

Vervust Petra (2010), « The Limits of Colonial Symbolic Power: Ethnicization and Racialization in Rwanda, 1890-1960 », thèse de doctorat, Université de Gand.